Bài 7 - Apostrophes and Dashes (Dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang)

[ point evaluation5/5 ]1 people who voted

Đã xem: 3586 | Cật nhập lần cuối: 10/15/2013 10:36:02 PM | RSS

Bài 7 - Apostrophes and Dashes (Dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang)

Tóm tắt bài giảng

Bài giảng này sẽ giúp các bạn kiểm soát được dấu nháy đơn (') Apostroph và dấu gạch ngang (-) Dash , hai loại dấu câu thường bị sử dụng sai.

Dấu nháy đơn được dùng để liên kết những thông tin quan trọng trong bài viết. Dấu gạch ngang được dùng để nhấn mạnh những thông tin quan trọng.

Trước khi bắt đầu bài giảng chúng ta hãy xem các bạn đã hiểu những gì về phần này. Các bạn hãy thêm dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang vào chỗ thích hợp ở cột Problem (Có vấn đề). Sau đó hãy kiểm tra lại đáp án ở cột Solution (Đã giải quyết).

Problem	Solution
My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories from the late 30s and early 40s. The Great Depressions effect was beginning to diminish in the small South Dakota town where he lived. He inherited a 160-acre farm after his father-inlaws death in 1938. Little of the farms cropland had produced anything in the years prior to 38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the droughts end in 40 came the beginning of good crops. Even with the governments market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons help to farm the addl land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out. He purchased a steam engine tractor one of John Deeres first and farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer.	My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories from the late '30s and early '40s. The Great Depression's effect was beginning to diminish in the small South Dakota town where he lived. He inherited a 160-acre farm after his father-inlaw's death in 1938. Little of the farm's cropland had produced anything in the years prior to '38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the drought's end in '40 came the beginning of good crops. Even with the government's market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons' help to farm the add'l land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out. He purchased a steam engine tractor—one of John Deere's first—and farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer.

Problem

Solution

My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories from the late 30s and early 40s. The Great Depressions effect was beginning to diminish in the small South Dakota town where he lived.

He inherited a 160-acre farm after his father-inlaws death in 1938. Little of the farms cropland had produced anything in the years prior to 38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the droughts end in 40 came the beginning of good crops.

Even with the governments market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons help to farm the addl land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out.

He purchased a steam engine tractor one of John Deeres first and farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer.

My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories from the late '30s and early '40s. The Great Depression's effect was beginning to diminish in the small South Dakota town where he lived.

He inherited a 160-acre farm after his father-inlaw's death in 1938. Little of the farm's cropland had produced anything in the years prior to '38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the drought's end in '40 came the beginning of good crops.

Even with the government's market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons' help to farm the add'l land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out.

He purchased a steam engine tractor—one of John Deere's first—and farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer.

Dấu nháy đơn ' (Apostrophes)

Để chỉ quyền sở hữu
Dấu nháy đơn được dùng để chỉ quyền sở hữu. Những từ in đậm ở ví dụ dưới đây là từ sở hữu.

Danh từ số ít (thêm 's)	Danh từ số nhiều kết thúc bằng s (thêm ')	Danh từ số nhiều không kết thúc bằng s (thêm 's)
boy's toy (đồ chơi của cậu bé )	boys' bicycles (những chiếc xe đạp của những cậu bé)	men's schedules (thời gian biểu của những người đàn ông)
child's play	kids' bedrooms	children's opinions
lady's coat	ladies' skirts	women's department
dentist's aide	players' representative	people's choice

Dấu nháy đơn không được dùng để tạo danh từ số nhiều. Trước khi bạn đang định đặt dấu nháy đơn vào một danh từ mà kết thúc bằng s, bạn hãy tự xem lại mục đích sử dụng, nếu chỉ định biểu đạt số nhiều thì không cần phải cho dấu nháy đơn.

Ví dụ
	There are a lot of potatoes in the refrigerator.
	Cut out the potatoes' eyes.

Bạn có thể tránh dùng dấu nháy đơn bằng cách sử dụng công thức sau:
the ______ of the _________, giống như trong câu the eyes of the potatoes. Nếu từ không khớp với công thức này, danh từ đó không thể thêm dấu nháy đơn.

Và đây là một số trường hợp đặc biệt khi sử dụng dấu nháy đơn để chỉ quyền sở hữu:

• Khi tính từ sở hữu có nhiều hơn một từ như danh từ ghép, việc kinh doanh hay một một cơ quan, hoặc những phần có chung sở hữu, khi đó dấu nháy đơn và s sẽ được đặt ở từ cuối cùng của từ ghép.

Ví dụ
	someone else's problem
	mother-in-law's visit
	board of directors' policy
	Pope John Paul II's illness
	Proctor and Gamble's product
	Wayne and Judy's log cabin

• Những từ để chỉ khoảng thời gian hoặc lượng tiền thì cần phải có dấu nháy đơn khi chúng được dùng như tính từ sở hữu.

Ví dụ
	day's pay, month's vacation, morning's work
	two cents' worth, dollar's worth

• Khi đại từ sở hữu như my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, their, theirs được dùng như một tính từ thì không cần phải dùng dấu nháy đơn.

Ví dụ
	This is their idea. The idea is theirs.
	We filed our flight plan. The flight plan is ours.
	This manual must be yours.

Bài tập thực hành: Hãy chọn phương án sử dụng dấu nháy đơn đúng cách. Đáp án sẽ được đưa ra ở cuối bài.

1.	a.	An employee's motivation is different from an owner's.
	b.	An employees' motivation is different from an owners'.
2.	a.	Employees reward's differ from an owners'.
	b.	Employees' rewards differ from an owner's.
3.	a.	Elaine has worked three years as a physicians assistant.
	b.	Elaine has worked three years as a physician's assistant.
4.	a.	The Mens' Issue's group meets every Saturday morning.
	b.	The Men's Issues group meets every Saturday morning.
5.	a.	The companies' sales force has doubled in recent years, and the credit is your's.
	b.	The company's sales force has doubled in recent years, and the credit is yours.
6.	a.	The most efficient method is her's.
	b.	The most efficient method is hers.
7.	a.	After five years' experience, we earn four weeks' paid vacation.
	b.	After five year's experience, we earn four week's paid vacation.
8.	a.	Pat and Janice's proposal requires a month's work.
	b.	Pat's and Janice's proposal requires a months' work.
9.	a.	The computer supply store's top-selling printer is Hewlett Packards latest model.
	b.	The computer supply store's top-selling printer is Hewlett Packard's latest model.
10.	a.	Ms. Jones's boutique sells the same products as Mr. Smith's.
	b.	Ms. Jones' boutique sells the same products as Mr. Smiths'.

Để chỉ phần bỏ qua
Dấu nháy đơn được dùng để thay thế các chữ cái hoặc con số bị bỏ qua.

Ví dụ
	Morton doesn't (does not) live here anymore.
	Who's (who is) on first.
	I just can't (cannot) understand this memo.
	The task force discussed the nat'l (national) debt.
	My first car was a '67 (1967) Chevy.
	Grandpa tells stories about life in the '40s (1940s).

Dấu gạch ngang (-) - dash
Lưu ý: khi gõ bài các bạn hãy nhớ phân biệt rõ giữa dấu gạch ngang và dấu nối. Dấu gạch ngang dài gấp đôi dấu nối thông thường.
• Dấu gạch ngang được dùng để chỉ những đoạn ngắt đột ngột trong câu hoặc để thêm phần nhận xét, đánh giá.

Ví dụ
	Here is your sandwich and your-Look out for that bee!
	I remember the day-what middle-aged person doesn't-that President Kennedy was shot.
	John is sorry-we all are-about your unfortunate accident.

• Dấu gạch ngang được dùng để nhấn mạnh phần giải thích thêm. Các bạn không bắt buộc phải dùng dấu gạch ngang nhưng các bạn được phép dùng.

Ví dụ
	Knowing yourself-your thoughts, values, and dreams-is the most important knowledge.
	''The writer is by nature a dreamer-a conscious dreamer."-Carson McCullers.
	We spend our summers in Canada-Ontario, to be precise.

• Dấu gạch ngang còn được dùng để chỉ ra các chữ hoặc số bị bỏ sót.

Ví dụ
	"Oh, sh-, I can't believe I forgot to mail that package!"
	"Hello?-Yes, I can hear you just fine.-Of course-I think I can.-Good!-I'll see you later.-

• Dấu gạch ngang còn được dùng để nối cụm từ đầu tiên với những phần còn lại của câu.

Ví dụ
	Honesty, integrity, tenacity-these are marks of motivated salespeople.
	Nashville, Tennesse; Olympia, Washington; Oceola, Iowa-these are the prospective locations.

Bài tập thực hành: Hãy chọn câu có dấu gạch ngang và các dấu câu khác được sử dụng đúng cách. Đáp án sẽ được đưa ra ở cuối bài.

11.	a.	We have only one choice-to open a new branch office in the suburbs.
	b.	We have only one choice to open a new branch office-in the suburbs.
12.	a.	My suggestion-just in case you're interested, is to apply for a promotion.
	b.	My suggestion-just in case you're interested-is to apply for a promotion.
13.	a.	He is the most unreasonable, I guess I should keep my opinions to myself.
	b.	He is the most unreasonable-I guess I should keep my opinions to myself.
14.	a.	I can't find that d- pocket organizer that I worked-Oh, here it is.
	b.	I can't find that d- pocket organizer that I worked, Oh, here it is.
15.	a.	Brains, brawn, determination-that's what I demand from my people.
	b.	Brains, brawn, determination: that's what I demand from my people.

Bài tập thực hành và củng cố
Các bạn hãy xem những câu hỏi dưới đây. Chúng bao quát hầu hết những kiến thức các bạn đã được học về dấu câu từ trước tới giờ. Sau khi đọc thật kỹ bạn hãy chọn câu có cách dùng dấu câu đúng.

16.	a.	Although it may seem strange, my partners purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders Jr., was to eliminate him as a suspect in the crime.
	b.	Although it may seem strange my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr. was to eliminate him, as a suspect in the crime.
	c.	Although it may seem strange, my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr., was to eliminate him as a suspect in the crime.
	d.	Although it may seem strange, my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr. was to eliminate him, as a suspect in the crime.
17.	a.	After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand, and Forest Ms. Anderson saw a dark hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel and run north on Forest.
	b.	After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand, and Forest, Ms. Anderson saw a dark hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel, and run north on Forest.
	c.	After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand and Forest Ms. Anderson saw a dark, hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel and run north on Forest.
	d.	After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand and Forest, Ms. Anderson saw a dark, hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel, and run north on Forest.
18.	a.	When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boy's versions.
	b.	When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boys' versions.
	c.	When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the mens' stories did not match up with the boys' versions.
	d.	When we interviewed each of the boy's and the father's, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boys' versions.
19.	a.	Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow-Bobbys sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks.
	b.	Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow: Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls' queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water-and my swimming trunks.
	c.	Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow: Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girl's queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks.
	d.	Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow. Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls queen-sized air mattress, they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks.
20.	a.	James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter-these authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy, Covey's process for prioritizing, and Hunter's organizational principles.
	b.	James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter. These authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy, Covey's process for prioritizing and Hunter's organizational principles.
	c.	James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter-these authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autrys personnel philosophy, Coveys process for prioritizing and Hunters organizational principles.
	d.	James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter: these authors are responsible for my management style; a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy; Covey's process for prioritizing; and Hunter's organizational principles.

Bài tập nâng cao

Rất ít người hiểu trọn vẹn về quy tắc sử dụng dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang. Còn những bài quảng cáo thì thường xuyên sử dụng sai cả hai loại dấu này. Chính vì vậy bài tập hôm nay của các bạn là hãy quan sát các bảng thông báo, tạp chí và báo để tìm những chỗ dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang được dùng đúng cách. Đồng thời các bạn cũng nên tìm những chỗ chúng bị bỏ qua hoặc thêm vào không đúng để sửa lại.

Đáp án

1.	a
2.	b
3.	b
4.	b
5.	b
6.	b
7.	a
8.	a
9.	b
10.	a
11.	a
12.	b
13.	b
14.	a
15.	a
16.	c
17.	d
18.	b
19.	b
20.	a

Bài 7 - Apostrophes and Dashes (Dấu nháy đơn và dấu gạch ngang), bai 7 - apostrophes and dashes (dau nhay don va dau gach ngang)

1.	a
2.	b
3.	b
4.	b
5.	b
6.	b
7.	a
8.	a
9.	b
10.	a
11.	a
12.	b
13.	b
14.	a
15.	a
16.	c
17.	d
18.	b
19.	b
20.	a

1.	a
2.	b
3.	b
4.	b
5.	b
6.	b
7.	a
8.	a
9.	b
10.	a
11.	a
12.	b
13.	b
14.	a
15.	a
16.	c
17.	d
18.	b
19.	b
20.	a

1.	a
2.	b
3.	b
4.	b
5.	b
6.	b
7.	a
8.	a
9.	b
10.	a
11.	a
12.	b
13.	b
14.	a
15.	a
16.	c
17.	d
18.	b
19.	b
20.	a